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Reading list

Illustrated banner of nursing theory scholarship, clinical safety regulation, and practice development literature
What's here

Sources behind the toolkit — key references on nursing theory, NMC standards, AI regulation and practice development.

Theory

Foundational & contemporary — from Carper's patterns of knowing and Benner's novice to expert to current frameworks.

Regulation

UK guidance — NMC standards, NHS England and government sources on AI regulation and safe use.

1. Foundational & Contemporary Nursing Theory

Benner (1984) From Novice to Expert; Carper (1978) & Chinn, Kramer & Sitzman (2022) on Patterns of Knowing; McCormack & McCance (2006, 2021, 2025) Person-centred Practice Framework; Stokes & Palmer (2020); Buchanan et al. (2020–2021); Kitson et al. (Fundamentals of Care, 2021–2026).

2. Professional Standards (NMC)

The NMC Code (2018), Future Nurse Standards of Proficiency, and the ongoing NMC Code & revalidation review.

3. Regulation & Clinical Safety

DHSC response to the National Commission on AI in Healthcare (2026), NHS England Ambient Voice guidance, and the AI & Digital Regulations Service.

4. Practice Development

Open-access scholarship in the International Practice Development Journal (FoNS), Warfield & Manley (1990), and Guba & Lincoln (1989).

Nursing theory used in this toolkit​

  • Benner, P. (1984) From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Carper, B.A. (1978) Fundamental patterns of knowing in nursing. Advances in Nursing Science, 1(1), pp. 13–24. doi:10.1097/00012272-197810000-00004.
  • Chinn, P.L. and Kramer, M.K. Knowledge Development in Nursing: Theory and Process. St Louis: Elsevier (current edition; 11th edn with K. Sitzman, 2022).
  • McCormack, B. and McCance, T. (2006) Development of a framework for person-centred nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 56(5), pp. 472–479. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04042.x.
  • McCance, T. and McCormack, B. (2021) The Person-centred Practice Framework. In McCormack, B., McCance, T., Bulley, C., Brown, D., McMillan, A. and Martin, S. (eds) Fundamentals of Person-centred Healthcare Practice. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, chapter 3, pp. 23 onwards.
  • McCance, T. and McCormack, B. (2025) The Person-centred Nursing Framework: a mid-range theory for nursing practice. Journal of Research in Nursing, 30(1), pp. 47–60.
  • Stokes, F. and Palmer, A. (2020) Artificial intelligence and robotics in nursing: ethics of caring as a guide to dividing tasks between AI and humans. Nursing Philosophy, 21(4), e12306.
  • Buchanan, C., Howitt, M.L., Wilson, R., Booth, R.G., Risling, T. and Bamford, M. (2020) Predicted influences of artificial intelligence on the domains of nursing: scoping review. JMIR Nursing, 3(1), e23939.
  • Kitson, A., Conroy, T., Kuluski, K., Locock, L. and Lyons, R. (2013; updated International Learning Collaborative scholarship 2021–2026) Reclaiming and redefining the Fundamentals of Care: nursing's response to meeting patients' basic human needs. Adelaide: School of Nursing, the University of Adelaide.
  • White, J. (1995) Patterns of knowing: review, critique, and update. Advances in Nursing Science, 17(4), pp. 73–86. doi:10.1097/00012272-199506000-00007.
  • Locsin, R.C. (2005) Technological Competency as Caring in Nursing: A Model for Practice. Indianapolis: Sigma Theta Tau International.
  • Tanner, C.A. (2006) Thinking like a nurse: a research-based model of clinical judgment in nursing. Journal of Nursing Education, 45(6), pp. 204–211. doi:10.3928/01484834-20060601-04.
  • Benner, P., Tanner, C.A. and Chesla, C.A. (2009) Expertise in Nursing Practice: Caring, Clinical Judgment, and Ethics. 2nd edn. New York: Springer Publishing.
  • Goddard, K., Roudsari, A. and Wyatt, J.C. (2012) Automation bias: a systematic review of frequency, effect mediators, and mitigators. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 19(1), pp. 121–127. doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000089.
  • Jabbour, S. et al. (2023) Measuring the impact of AI in the diagnosis of hospitalized patients: a randomized clinical vignette survey study. JAMA, 330(23), pp. 2275–2284. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.22295.
  • Gerlich, M. (2025) AI tools in society: impacts on cognitive offloading and the future of critical thinking. Societies, 15(1), 6. doi:10.3390/soc15010006.
  • Yura, H. and Walsh, M.B. (1967) The Nursing Process: Assessing, Planning, Implementing, Evaluating. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press.
  • Roper, N., Logan, W.W. and Tierney, A.J. (2000) The Roper-Logan-Tierney Model of Nursing: Based on Activities of Living. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.

Professional standards​

Regulation and governance​

Practice development​